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page139from Building Ideas
These
archetypal themes are played out in countless individual myths and Lévi-Strauss’ ambitious intention
was to provide a universal “template” for their interpretation. It is this
emphasis on universality and the use of binary oppositions as units of meaning
that lends his method its immediate impact as well as exposing its obvious
limitations. The archetypal themes which appear in myths and seem to limit
their potential meaning relate to the inherited structure of language that
apparently limits the possibilities of expression. This “displacement” of the
individual subject from its sovereign position as a free-thinking person is... more ...
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page138from Building Ideas
of sound, Lévi-Strauss identified “mythemes” as the units of
meaning within a story. As with language, it was not the semantic reference of
the individual mytheme that was most important: as he admitted, many myths
contained quite superficial literal meanings. What was significant was the way
in which the units were combined into a story, the presence or absence of
particular characters and the sequence of events in which they were involved. Lévi-Strauss provided a
demonstration of his theory in his analysis of the Oedipus myth, which he
showed depended on a series of themes which are acted out by the figures in the
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page137from Building Ideas
In
The Elementary Structures of Kinship, which first appeared in 1949, he applied
this model to the laws governing marriage in various so-called primitive
cultures. At first sight this application might seem somewhat inappropriate, as
the make-up of family units appears to be not primarily a means of expression.
Lévi-Strauss,
however, demonstrates that these relationships are governed by laws – a complex
network of codes and prohibitions that provides a sense of order and structure
within a community. By this means, he shows that kinship laws act as a form of “representation”,
a symbolic language through which a community describe... more ...
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page136from Building Ideas
A
science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would
be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology; I shall
call it semiology (from Greek semeion ‘a sign’). Semiology would show what
constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist,
no one can say what it would be … Linguistics is only a part of the general
science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to
linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the
mass of anthropological facts.6
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page135from Building Ideas
the system and it is this limitation of the
individual’s free expression that has proved the most controversial of Saussure’s
ideas. As the philosopher Richard Kearney has succinctly pointed out:
It
implied a fundamental rejection of the romantic and existentialist doctrines
that the individual consciousness or ‘genius’ is the privileged locus of the
creation of meaning. In answer to Sartre’s view, for example, that each
individual existence is what each individual makes of it, the structuralist
replies that the meaning of each person’s parole is go... more ...
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