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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
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Paula Noronen Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja kuvitus  Kati Närhi Tammi
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At 2021-09-28 09:43:54,
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Ruoka Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja 
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At 2021-09-27 15:05:39,
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At 2021-09-27 15:02:14,
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At 2021-09-27 14:59:22,
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At 2021-09-27 14:58:31,
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by huiping.wu(at)hotmail.com

Comments

At 2021-05-29 23:29:38,
admin2020 says:
现在作为两个小家伙的语法素材来用。 ... more ...

At 2011-10-31 18:20:53,
admin2020 says:
大概是15年前的时候,我买了这本书. 在高中的时候，由于英语老师介绍说应该用英语去学习英语， 所以尝试着这么做。看似书面都破旧了，但是除了开头几页外，我又读了多少呢？ ... more ...

At 2011-10-20 15:47:55,
admin2020 says:
"saw hermeneutics as a method for eliminating misunderstanding"Another contribution for Hermeneutics. ... more ...

At 2011-10-20 15:45:02,
admin2020 says:
One contribution of Hermeneutics :"from a theological to an academic practice "It serves as an academic practice. ... more ...

At 2011-10-20 15:39:28,
admin2020 says:
Here are three models:"With phenomenology, the problem centred on the notion of “intersubjectivity” and the extension of bodily experience beyond the individual’s perceptual realm. Structuralsim appeared to offer a social context for this experience, by embedding the individual in a network of pre-existing codes and conventions. At the same time, structuralist analysis failed to deal with historical change and the various brands of political criticism were shown ... more ...

At 2011-10-20 14:09:03,
admin2020 says:
"In Heidegger’s work, understanding became the basic mode of being, "I agree with this point. Failure of understanding causes so much conflicts and opposing grounds. ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 18:51:04,
admin2020 says:
" The transformation of hermeneutics from a theological to an academic practice"There is certain shift and change from traditional meaning of Hermeneutics into general meaning of interpretation. ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 18:31:36,
admin2020 says:
The first one is to consider architecture is a solution to the problem of practical spatial demands.The second one is to pursue the asthetical demands by architecture. ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 18:25:54,
admin2020 says:
"Chapters 1 and 2 of this book set out two contrasting schools of thought – two opposing views on the question of meaning in architecture. The first assumes that architecture has no meaning at all, except as a solution to the problem of providing convenient sheltered space. The second approaches architecture as a pure artistic exercise, with its priority to community a message rated above all other concerns."Here are the two basic frame of thought.  ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 18:21:53,
admin2020 says:
"Hermeneutics today is a problematic term because of its historical associations, but I am using it in the broadest sense to mean the general practice of interpretation."Hermeneutics has its tracks from "historical associations", in this book author uses this word as "the general practice of interpretation". ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 18:04:33,
admin2020 says:
" The critical element I have suggested in the title “critical hermeneutics” should serve to highlight a problem that will become apparent in the conventional understanding of the term. It is meant to suggest a certain vigilance towards the conservative tendencies of hermeneutics, and to restore the quality of questionableness with regard to historical traditions."does this clarify the meanings of Critical Hermeneutics and its contributions. ... more ...

At 2011-10-19 00:18:51,
admin2020 says:
"another factor, the idea of a tradition being formed by a shared community of understanding. "what is that factor? ... more ...

At 2011-10-18 23:28:23,
admin2020 says:
it seems that Hermeneutics is certain updates from , at least current definition, religion interpretations between Spiritual figures and expression to mortals.  ... more ...

At 2011-10-18 23:26:22,
admin2020 says:
"   Hermeneutics was born with the attempt to raise(Biblical) exegesis and (classical) philology to the level of a Kunstlehre, that is , a ‘technology’, which is not restricted to a mere collection of unconnected operations.3"this some kind of explanations of Hermeneutics, ... more ...

At 2011-10-18 23:21:10,
admin2020 says:
"The fact that texts require interpretation at all"---interpretation is the action in order to understand. ... more ...

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page004-en

from 华夏意匠 Cathay's Idea- Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture

Chapter Seven     Shape and Standard of Major Components Column and Plinth......................................................229 Brackets（Dougong)............................................................236 Queti, Hump.Spacer Dougong............................................243 Railing............................................................251 Sill frame and fusma...................................................258 Chapter Color, Decoration and “Fitments of Inner Eaves”
... more ...

At 2012-01-01 03:45:13,
admin2020 says:

陵堂---陵墓内停灵柩或设灵位的厅屋。

in the tombs the house and hall which lays coffins and spirit tablets.

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At 2012-01-01 03:36:12,
admin2020 says:

"塔庙”及“塔坟”


其中的“塔”，应该是我在2001年夏天在宁夏看到的青铜峡108塔中的塔。---pagoda


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At 2011-12-02 02:46:12,
admin2020 says:
桥屋：bridge house------


At 2011-12-02 02:38:39,
admin2020 says:
隔断：partition------


At 2011-12-01 17:57:29,
admin2020 says:
藻井:caisson,caisson ceiling,caisson ceiling,caisson domed or coffered ceiling------


At 2011-12-01 17:40:28,
admin2020 says:
内檐装修：Fitments of Inner Eaves------


At 2011-12-01 17:12:32,
admin2020 says:
槛框: sill frame
隔扇:fusma------


At 2011-12-01 13:33:05,
admin2020 says:
雀替:queti
驼峰:hump
隔架:spacer brackets(dougong)------


At 2011-12-01 01:58:31,
admin2020 says:
斗拱: bucket arch, brackets


Dougong Brackets(斗拱 Dougong)


The dougong is a system of brackets unique to traditional Chinese architecture. These brackets, arranged like baskets of flowers, are set under the overhanging eaves, adding to the sumptuous magnificence of the buildings.


Thanks to the ancient Chinese edifices are so graceful with their upturned edifices are so graceful with their upturned eaves and at the same time so well constructed and enduring.


The dougong bracket is a structural member found between the top of a column and a cross beam .Each is formed of a double bow-shaped arm(gong) ,which supports a block of wood(dou) on each side ,Fixed layer upon layer ,the arrangements bear the load of the roof .Owing TO hierarchical restrictions in feudal society, the dougong structure can be found only in the most magnificent buildings such as palace and temple halls .The number of layers of these bracket structures also depended on the importance of the buildings.


The dougong is measured in “piles” which vary greatly in their complexity or structure , from those composed of 106 parts to the most simple made up of five .The number of “tiers ”also vary in each “pile ” . To take the double –eaved Taihedian, the building of the highest grade in the country, as an example . Its lower eaves are supported by dougong brackets of 7 tiers , whereas the higher eaves ,9 tiers .The number of tiers ,normally 9,7,5 or 3 ,also represents the extent to which the eaves protrude.


From the point of view of structural mechanics, the dougong structure is highly resistant to earthquakes. It could hold the wood structure together even though brick walls would collapse in the same earthquake. This helped so many ancient buildings to stand intact for hundreds of years.

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At 2011-12-01 01:52:39,
admin2020 says:
柱础:plinth
stone base of column; plinth------


page004

from 华夏意匠 Cathay's Idea- Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture

第七章     主要构件形制 柱和柱础......................................................229 斗拱............................................................236 雀替.驼峰和隔架............................................243 栏杆............................................................251 槛框和隔扇...................................................258 第八章    色彩.装饰及“内檐装修” 色彩的由来...................................................267 装饰和彩画...................................................275 天花和藻井...................................................283 天窗............................................................289 隔断.................................
... more ...

At 2011-12-01 17:52:47,
admin2020 says:

藻井:中国传统建筑中室内顶棚的独特装饰部分。一般做成向上隆起的井状，有方形、多边形或圆形凹面，周围饰以各种花藻井纹、雕刻和彩绘。多用在宫殿、寺庙中的宝座、佛坛上方最重要部位。


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At 2011-12-01 13:34:52,
admin2020 says:

驼峰：

古建筑学上称为“驼峰”的是正门门顶的横梁三重如意斗拱,雕刻内容花样百出,或奇花异卉、飞禽走兽,或历史故事人物,无不栩栩如生。使用驼峰最早的实例出现在龙门寺西配殿中，但规格和形状比较单一。比西配殿晚十五年建造的大佛殿同样也使用了这一构件，但大佛殿内驼峰的规格和形状多达八种，这在其他木构古建中是罕见的。这充分说明，早在五代，驼峰的使用就已经得到了普及。



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At 2011-12-01 13:28:40,
admin2020 says:

隔架:

隔架斗拱：在规模较大的建筑中，在大梁与随梁或天花枋之间常安一攒或十字斗拱状的构件，叫做隔架科，或称隔架斗拱，它的装饰性很强，也有多种式样，如十字斗、荷叶墩、雀等。官式做法常用一斗三升带荷叶雀的做法，其最下为翻荷叶，中为一斗三升（有的用两层拱，下为瓜拱、上为万拱），上架雀替。

河南府文庙戟门隔架科斗拱：


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At 2011-12-01 02:04:44,
admin2020 says:
雀替是中国传统建筑中的特殊构件，指置于梁枋下与立柱相交的短木，可以缩短梁枋得净跨距离，防止梁枋与立柱之间角度变形。也用在柱间的落挂下，但是为纯装饰性构件。
宋代李诫《营造法式》称雀替为绰幕：“檐头下绰幕方广减檐额三分之一，出柱长至补间”[1] 雀替也象征等级，广亮大门、金柱大门等较高等级的大门才有雀替，等级较低的蛮子门上则无雀替。
雀替有七类：
大雀替：立柱左右雀替相连，由一根整木制成，放在柱头上。
龙门雀替：用在牌楼，下有梓头承托。
雀替：典型清式雀替，如故宫太和门雀替。
小雀替：形短而小，用于屋内。
通雀替：多用于宋代屋内。
骑马雀替：两立柱间距太短时，两雀替相连合而为一，称为骑马雀替。
花牙子：纯作装饰用。
宋元雀替上多涂彩画，但没有雕刻；清代雀替既有彩画，也有雕刻。[2]------


page003-en

from 华夏意匠 Cathay's Idea- Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture

Contents Previews Chapter One    Discussions on basic problems China.Tradition.Architecture............................11 ... more ...

At 2011-12-01 00:50:07,
admin2020 says:
形制: Shape and Standards, certain shapes and standards for ancient Chinese buildings and elements of building.------


At 2011-12-01 00:45:51,
admin2020 says:

台基：stylobate, the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple). The platform was built on a leveling course that flattened out the ground immediately beneath the temple.


台:some kind of large scaled platform for special purpose ceremony 

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At 2011-12-01 00:33:21,
admin2020 says:
建筑群: architectural complex, groups of architecture and buildings.------


At 2011-12-01 00:31:35,
admin2020 says:
构成，form, how to compose and form------


At 2011-12-01 00:22:08,
admin2020 says:
礼制:ritual system, the system which includes basic rites for society. In ancient China there were systematic restrictions of rites and proprieties for different classes in the society. Different classes own their certain levels of buildings and rites.------


At 2011-12-01 00:16:08,
admin2020 says:
宫城: royalty city,  city which is majorly constructed by palace for royalty ------


cover01-en

from 华夏意匠 Cathay's Idea- Design Theory of Chinese Classical Architecture

Brief from editor: Li Yunhe(1930-1989), native from Guangdong, grown in an scholars family,whose father, Li Yanshan, is one famous painter, calligraphist, poet in south of the Five Ridges in 1930s and 1940s, known as "master of Chinese landscape painting". Li Yunhe has solid bases of Chinese traditional arts and culture by influences and nurtures from his father since childhood. In 1953 Li was graduated from Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty in Zhongshan University. He has worked in architecture, urban design and interior design in Shenyang, Beijing, Hongkang, Bangkok, Singapore, Guangzhou and other cities. ... more ...


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