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page102from Building Ideas
early writing its existentialist
orientation. This view, where the world is experienced before the mind
describes it in concepts – where “existence precedes essence”, according to the
famous existentialist slogan – is contradicted to a certain extent by the
direction of Heidegger’s later thinking, when he moves back through a
philosophy of language towards a more essentialist orientation.
What
later writers called the Kebre or “turning” in Heidegger’s work, occurs around
the time of World War 2 during a difficult period in the philosopher’s career.
As Rector of Freiburg University in the period before the war, ... more ...
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page101from Building Ideas
in Heidegger’s writing into an
architectural dimension, when he describes the understanding of a room as more
than simply the space between four walls. As “equipment for residing” it
implies a series of activities and related objects, such as the ink-stand, pen,
paper, blotting pad, lamp, desk, chair and window that provide the example of
the writer’s study. These objects form an “arrangement” and provide a context
for our understanding, where each item implies the others which are also
necessary to the larger function of the room.
As
a means of understanding buildings in terms of their activities, this logic is... more ...
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page100from Building Ideas
In dealings such as this, where something
is put to use, our concern subordinates itself to the ‘in-order-to’ which is
constitutive for the equipment we are employing at the time; the less we just
stare at the hammer-Thing, and the more we seize hold of it and use it, the
more primordial does our relationship to it become … The hammering itself
uncovers the specific ‘manipulability’ of the hammer. The kind of Being which
equipment possesses – in which it manifests itself in its own right – we call ‘readiness-to-hand’.3
The
equipment, while in use, begins to “withdraw” from our... more ...
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page099from Building Ideas
Husserl’s method. This principle that the
study of existence must precede the understanding of essence is based on the
notion that consciousness can only be understood as the consciousness of
something. By studying the actual conditions of being-there, in a particular
place at a particular time, Heidegger was able to suggest that there is no “essential”
self prior to the action of the self in the world. It was this action that the
self performs in its “reaching out” towards the world that became the key to
resolving the subject-object split that had separated the mind from the body.
This split which began with Plato and which was reinforced in the work of
Descartes was now being addressed by phenomenology in terms of the relation... more ...
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page098from Building Ideas
“lived” experience and away from Husserl’s
abstract “essences”. The reason for this shift came from Heidegger’s overall
intention, to study the nature of being, not merely the nature of knowing. This
distinction caused the argument between Heidegger and Cassirer on the status of
art discussed in Chapter 2 and Heidegger felt Husserl had restricted his
thinking, by considering epistemology at the expense of ontology. It was this
larger preoccupation with the “meaning of being” that was to drive Heidegger’s
philosophy throughout his long and prolific career.
His
approach to this question has also ... more ...
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