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page099from Building Ideas
Husserl’s method. This principle that the
study of existence must precede the understanding of essence is based on the
notion that consciousness can only be understood as the consciousness of
something. By studying the actual conditions of being-there, in a particular
place at a particular time, Heidegger was able to suggest that there is no “essential”
self prior to the action of the self in the world. It was this action that the
self performs in its “reaching out” towards the world that became the key to
resolving the subject-object split that had separated the mind from the body.
This split which began with Plato and which was reinforced in the work of
Descartes was now being addressed by phenomenology in terms of the relationship
between interacting forces – the self is no longer a “disembodied mind” or just
a fixed object amongst objects, but an ongoing “project” with a historical past
and future possibilities.
This
sense of temporality is what sets humans apart from other beings and likewise
the responsibility of constructing the self as a project. This responsibility
of the individual to carv out their own way in the world is a product of the
idea of freedom, which formed the basis of “authentic” being. The freedom to
set one’s own objectives, according to a personal goal or project, carries with
it what Heidegger claimed was an obligation to live up to being’s “ownmost
possibilities”. The need to take responsibility for one’s own destiny in the
course of life became a defining characteristic of the existentialist branch of
phenomenology – which was led by another of Husserl’s students, the French
philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. What was significant about this emphasis on the
theme of action in the world was the nature of the knowledge that was produced
by the interaction between the body and its surroundings.
In
an important passage of Being and Time Heidegger sets out a clear distinction
between the two kinds of knowledge that emerge from the realms of action and
contemplation. To illustrate this distinction he uses the famous example of a person
with a hammer who, as they take up the tool and use it, gain access to an
important mode of experience:
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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
page000
Paula Noronen
Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja
kuvitus
Kati Närhi
Tammi
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At 2021-09-28 09:43:54,
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Ruoka
Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja
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