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page176from Building Ideas
the possibilities for revolution based on
his analysis of historical progress. He saw that in the civilisations of the
past a particular society would tend to collapse when the “contradictions”
within the system had broken out onto the surface. As he wrote at the beginning
of his famous work, The Communist Manifesto:
The
history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and
journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to... more ...
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page174from Building Ideas
the economic structure of society, the real
foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which
correspond definite forms of social consciousness.4
This is the now classic description of the “base
and superstructure” model, depicting the geological conception of history that
Claude Lévi-Strauss
was so enamoured with. The base consists of two components, firstly the “forces
of production”, being the raw materials, machinery and labour required for
producing industrial goods. The second part he called the “relations of
production”, ref... more ...
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page174from Building Ideas
It
was consciousness that became the great pivot-point for Marx, about which he
tried to turn Hegel’s philosophy on its head, although more accurately he
described it as standing Hegel on his feet. He felt that the idealist approach
had tried to build a philosophy from ideas, while he was attempting to reverse
this and build an alternative from experience. Hegel had, according to Marx,
simply inverted the real course of history, so to correct this Marx constructed
a system more closely modeled on reality. He did borrow, however, Hegel’s
dialectical model, where progress is described as an interplay between consciousness
and reality. Where in Hegel this process leas to a refinement of concepts... more ...
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page173from Building Ideas
change it.”1 To begin to understand the
work of Marx and the reason for his significant and lasting influence, it is
necessary to consider a few of his key concepts before discussing their broader
impact.
In
approaching Marx’s philosophy it is important to understand his situation in
history, as a student in Berlin in the aftermath of Hegel’s dominating
influence. Marx arrived in Berlin in 1836, just five years after the great
philosopher had died. Hegel had been teaching in Berlin as a professor of
philosophy since 1818 and had left a huge and lasting legacy which the next
generation now had to deal with. For... more ...
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page172from Building Ideas
our social behavior, and particularly the
way psychoanalysis has been taken up in a political context. While the two
fields seem separate when briefly summarized in this way, the underlying themes
that could be said to link them should become apparent on closer study.
A
major theme in the traditional debate over the relationship between
architecture and society is the political potential of art in general as a
means of critique or social comment. As we saw in Part 1, the view of
architecture as a creative art could be seen s as an implied critique of
technological determinism – a protest at the reduction of architecture to the
impoverished practice of “shelter-engineering”. In a mo... more ...
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