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page031from Building IdeasA similar confusion as to the true natureof modernist architecture arose from the title of the exhibition which introducedthis initially European phenomenon into the architectural scene in NorthAmerica. “The International Style: Architecture Since 1922”, organized by HenryRussell Hitchcock and the architect Philip Johnson at the Museum of Modern Art,New York in 1932, suggested that, far from being a “scientific method” ofproducing buildings according to the functional and technical requirements ofthe brief, the new architecture was actually as much a product of thecreativity of the individual “artist” as architecture always had been. Thisconflicting interpretation of the ideals of the Modern Movement had alreadybecome apparent in the teaching programme of the Bauhaus – the school set up inGermany as a new model for education, to rival the Classical teaching of theEcole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but with a technically based curriculum in placeof the traditional historical one. Walter Gropius, who directed the new schoolfrom its inception in 1919 through to 1928, had attempted to unify theindustrial and the creative aspects of the practice of design, through theteaching of architects, artists and sculptures together in the techniques ofcraft production. Unfortunately, the factional in-fighting between those broughtin to teach in the “craftwork” as opposed to the “artwork” sections of thecourse meant that the school made little headway towards its stated objectiveof “the creation of standard types for all practical commodities of everydayuse …”.11 Theemphasis on standardization for the mass-production market had already caused arift in the running of another, earlier, group to which Walter Gropius wasaffiliated, the pre-World War 1 Deutsche Werkbund, for whom he had designed anexhibition pavilion in 1914. In the conference held in Cologne at the time ofthe exhibition the opposition between the free will of the artist and thedeterminism of industrial production was made particularly clear in a debatebetween 11 Walter Gropius, “Principles of BauhausProduction”, in Ulrich Conrads (ed.), Programmes and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, Lund Humphries, London, 1970, p 96.
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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
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Paula Noronen
Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja
kuvitus
Kati Närhi
Tammi
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At 2021-09-28 09:43:54,
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Ruoka
Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja
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