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page004from KEY IDEAS IN SOCIOLOGYis a wasteful and destructive side to industrial society. The purpose of Chapter 2 is to explore the dual-edged nature of industrial society in the context of how the thinking about it has evolved during the past two centuries.
Democracy
The American and French revolutions marked the beginning of a shift in the way people thought about government and its relation to the governed. The democratic era marked the end of the age of absolutism, in which monarchs identified themselves with the state, and in which the people were seen merely as subjects of the crown. Democracy changed this by investing ultimate authority in the citizenry, with government being redefined as an institution intended to reflect and represent its interests. Throughout the nineteenth century, democracy took root and expanded in the countries of western Europe andNorth America– precisely those countries that were also witnessing the emergence of capitalist industrial society. By the twentieth century, democratic ideals were sufficiently powerful so that even manifestly undemocratic political regimes such as the formerSoviet Unionclaimed to be democratic. Democracy, however, did not managed to take root in some places, and in nations where it did, it sometimes was undermined by antidemocratic forces, as in the case of Nazi Germany.
The political history of the past two centuries has prompted sociologists to attempt to ascertain the preconditions that make democracy possible as well as to discover the major threats to democratic systems. In trying to address these issues, they have also tackled a number of related questions: Are ordinary people actually fit to govern? What is their proper role in the political arena? What kinds of leaders are needed in a democracy? Can democracy survive contemporary challenges to it? Sociologist have been pondering these and related questions since the nineteenth century, and we examine the insights of some of the most prominent of these thinkers in Chapter 3.
Individualism Chapter 4 shifts ground from large, macrolevel concerns to the social psychological realm. As the reader will learn, American was the birthplace of contemporary ideas about individualism, and because of this we tend – often unwittingly – to view the world through the lens of an individualistic worldview. Individualism in our culture is generally seen in a positive light,
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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
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Paula Noronen
Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja
kuvitus
Kati Närhi
Tammi
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Ruoka
Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja
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