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page184from Building Ideas
the work of the Frankfurt School provides
an alternative, more abstract approach, with its strategy of theoretical
analysis and an emphasis on “high-cultural” critique. The Institute for Social
Research (as it was originally titled) started life in Frankfurt in 1923,
although it soon moved from Germany following Hitler’s rise to power, to
restart at Columbia University in New York. The leading figures in the
Frankfurt School (who incidentally supported Benjamin with the payment of a
stipend and the offer of teaching in New York) were Max Horkheimer and Theodor
Adorno – as mentioned in Chapter 1, discussing the “ideology” of functionalism
in architecture. Adorno’s studies in modernist music and his general interest
in avant-garde culture left him unsympathetic to the critical possibilities of
more populist forms of art. This is in marked contrast to Walter Benjamin, with
whom he frequently argued on this point, who rated the accessibility of a
Charlie Chaplin film over the obscurity of a Dadaist performance.
Adorno
and Horkheimer collaborated on an important work entitled the Dialectic of
Enlightenment, which extended the debate on ideology begun by Lukács and Gramsci. They were also
inspired by the writings of the sociologist Max Weber and his work on the historical
development of what he called the “capitalist spirit”. Weber had claimed the
origin of capitalism lay in the Protestant work ethic, the doctrine of selfless
asceticism preached by northern European churches. This has led, according to Weber,
to the triumph of rationality in the quest for efficiency above all other
concerns:
Now
the peculiar modern Western form of capitalism has been, at first sight,
strongly influenced by the development of technical possibilities. Its
rationality is today essentially dependent on the calculability of the most
important technical factors. … On the other hand, the development of these
sciences and the technique resting upon them, now receives important
stimulation from these capitalistic interests in its practical economic
application.16
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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
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Paula Noronen
Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja
kuvitus
Kati Närhi
Tammi
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Ruoka
Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja
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