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page133from Building Ideas
The reason for this turn towards language
again – although in a way quite distinct from the turn in phenomenology – is
the attempt to understand our relationship to the world in terms of the
metaphors that we use to describe it. To get beyond the abstractions of
science, as Gaston Bachelard tried to do, structuralism focused instead on the
cognitive value of narratives, as a way of dealing with the fact that in
everyday human terms, the universe is not made of atoms, it is “made of stories”.3
The “Deep Structures” of Language – Ferdinand De Saussure
So what is this linguistic model that has
proved so useful in so many disciplines and how does it differ from the
treatment of language in the other philosophies considered so far? The model
originates in the work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is
described in his Course in General Linguistics which was assembled from notes
and published as a book after his death in 1916. The three key principles of
Saussure’s analysis of language all follow from his initial observations on the
nature of the “linguistic sign”. The sign in language is the word or sentence,
which operates by referring to the idea of an object in the mind, and can
therefore be split into its two components – the signifier, or the word, and
the signified, the idea of the object. Having devised this two-part structure
he then developed the first of his controversial principles by insisting on the
arbitrary nature of the connection between the two halves of the sign.
Traditional linguistic studies had assumed a natural bond between sound and
thing, such as in onomatopoeic words like “cuckoo”, “drip” or “splash”. By
contrast, Saussure maintained that these formed only a small component of a
language while the majority of the words we use were simply assigned to things
by convention. As he writes in Part One of his Course:
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At 2021-11-02 20:28:57,
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Paula Noronen
Yökoulun Pieni Kauhukäsikirja
kuvitus
Kati Närhi
Tammi
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Ruoka
Kakkua pullaa, leipää ja
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