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page042from Building Ideasthe 1820s Hegel set out in a hierarchical sequence his version of the development of art. From architecture and sculpture, the two most “physical” of media, developed the progressively more abstract disciplines of painting, music and poetry. Whereas the last is the least reliant on sensory stimulation and is capable of expressing the most complex ideas, the first is seen as rather basic and clumsy, and only suitable for the notions of a more primitive culture.
Poetry in its turn must give way to science, as Hegel’s relentless progression of reason moves on to explain the world. As the metaphors and allusions give way to hard facts, the process of history is announced as complete. This system consigns architecture to the realm of the distant past and later art historians have had to respond to this troublesome fact. In architecture specifically the reaction has taken two different forms, with the split between engineering and art as a consequence. The key figure in the rise of the architect as engineer is Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, who, writing around 1860, took up Hegel’s challenge to the foundations of architecture. As the eclecticism of the time and the debates about style threatened to confirm Hegel’s forecast of doom, Violet set out the case for architecture’s continued importance as a technical, rather than an expressive, endeavour. While the nineteenth century revivals of historical styles were partly brought on y Hegel’s periodising of history, the confusion that followed had spurred Viollet’s search for “timeless” principles, beyond the distractions of symbols and meanings. As he writes, on “Construction” from his Dictionaire Raisonné (anticipating Le Corbusier on the ”engineer’s aesthetic”): The last Romanesque builders, those who after so many attempts had finally dismissed the semi-circular arch, are not visionaries; they do not speculate on the mystical meaning of a curve; they do not know if the pointed arch is more religious than the semi-circular arch; they build – a more difficult task than idle dreaming.20 20 E. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Rational Building, translated by George Martin Huss, Macmillan New York, 1895, p 42.
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