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Messagefrom General Critics"came the reduction of the design of buildings to a sub-branch of engineering"
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page047from Building Ideas2
Architecture as Art Aesthetics in Philosophy The philosophy of history set out in Chapter 1 produced a powerful myth of progress that caused a rift in the culture of architecture. From the view that science will eventually explain all natural phenomena, and new technologies will evolve to cater for all our needs, came the reduction of the design of buildings to a sub-branch of engineering – controlled not by individuals but by economic and physical forces. This deterministic view of architecture, which submits design to a “scientific” methodology was part of a general search for certainty and respectability in the age of reason. From ideas like Viollet-le-Duc’s great principle of the application of reason to the satisfaction of needs grew the belief that good buildings would come about “automatically” – providing the requirements were analysed correctly and the appropriate technologies and materials were chosen. The critique of this ”master-narrative” of enlightenment rationality has recently become a major feature of the philosophy of post-modernity. Historically, however, an alternative position can be identified, which supports the status of architecture as a cultural, not merely a technical, activity. The distinction turns on the status of art itself, in a society seemingly dominated by scientific rationality, and involves a questioning of the view that science provides the only “true” description of reality. Art was considered to be redundant in Hegel’s system of ideas, because it no longer seemed to contribute to the
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page045from Building IdeasViollet-le-Duc, Lectures on Architecture, translate by Benjamin Bucknall, Dover, New York, 1987.
Sant’Elia and Marinetti, “Futurist Architecture”, in Ulrich Conrads(ed.), Programmes and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, Lund Humphries, London, 1970. Muthesius and van de Velde, “Werkbund These and Antitheses”, in Ulrich Conrads (ed.), Programmes and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, Lund Humphries, London, 1970. Richard Rogers, Architecture: A Modern View, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. Readings Theodor Adorno, “Funcitonalism Today”, in Neil Leach (ed.), Rethinking Architecture, Routledge, London, 1997, pp6-19. Peter Buchanan, “Nostalgic Utopia”, Architects Journal, 4 September/1985, pp 60-9. Adolf Loos, “Ornament and Crime”, in Ulrich Conrads (ed.), Programmes and Manifestoes on 20th Century Architecture, Lund Humphries, London, 1970, pp 19-24. Martin Pawley, “Technology Transfer”, Architecture Review, 9/1987, pp 31-9.
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Messagefrom General Criticsby philosophy of Hegel, he predicted the architects play as an engineer other than an artist.
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page044from Building IdeasThis “renewal” of architecture, based on rational principles, was part of the same search for certainty that Descartes had inaugurated and, in response to Hegel’s prognosis of the death of the architect as artist, the engineer had now stepped forward to take over in this role. This was only one aspect of the reaction to Hegel’s challenge and another whole tradition will be considered in the following chapter. This will provide an alternative view of architecture and its status as a symbolic activity, with a meaningful place in society within a quite different philosophy of history – questioning the ideology of progress that drives the engine of technological innovation.
Suggestions for further reading Background George Basalla, The Evolution of Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. René Descartes, Discourse on Method and The Meditations, translated by F. E. Sutcliffe, Penguin Books, London, 1968. G. W. F. Hegel, Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics, translated by Bernard Bosanquet, Penguin Books, London, 1993. G. W. F. Hegel, Reason in History: A General Introduction to the Philosophy of History, translated by R. S. Hartman, Library of Liberal Arts, New York, 1953. Lewis, Mumfor, Technics and Civilisation, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York, 1963. Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology, Vintage Books, New York, 1993. Peter Singer, Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983. Foreground Reyner Banham, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, Architecture Press, London, 1960. Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture translated by Frederick Etchells, Architectural Press, London, 1946.
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