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page208from Building Ideas
with
pockets of alternative architecture, which, to make a revolutionary impact,
would have to infiltrate the existing constraints.38
In Britain in the 1980s this approach
gained a strong following under the banner of “community architecture”, and
with the sponsorship of the Prince of Wales. One of the best known and most
successful examples of this is the Byker Wall housing in Newcastle, where an
existing community was transplanted into a range of individually tailored
house-types. Its architect, Ralph Erskine, part of the post-war Team X group,
is still pursuing these methods in his later work alongside his other,
ecological, concerns. The ongoing project for the Mllenium Village at Greenwich
in London, will perhaps be Erskine’s last attempt to transform the provision of
housing.
On
the wider scale in architectural theory, a range of other “revolutionary”
agendas have also come into prominence in the last ten years or so. In
particular, the environmental movement, under the slogan of “green architecture”,
has again challenged the traditional priorities of capitalism with a new
emphasis on ecological concerns. In a similar sense, a change of consciousness
has also been sought on another level, in the emerging influence of feminist
theory and the concept of “gendered spae”. A further parallel exists here with
the agenda of previous political projects, in terms of a return of repressed
forces which are now beginning to find a voice.
Quite
how much architectural design can achieve by way of change – particularly with
its emphasis on form as opposed to social context – throws up a whole series of
questions concerning other interrelationships, which many philosophers have
already suggested in their thinking. As Mary McLeod has pointed out in
controversial essay on this subject, it is the coincidence of many forces that
must be manipulated to achieve an effect:
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page207from Building Ideas
11 Ralph Erskine – Byker Wall Housing,
Byker, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1969-80.(Alistair Gardner)
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page205from Building Ideas
9 Frei Otto et al. – Okö House, Berlin,
1990.(Neil Jackson)
Autrian, Lucien Kroll. Both men have been
concerned to encourage direct user-participation, leading to an architecture of
often chaotic and somewhat over-complex forms. The individual involvement in
design that these buildings encourage can be seen quite clearly in their visual
expression, which becomes symbolic of the architect stepping back from control
of production. As Kroll writers of his own work and its grand agenda, which is
tempered at the same time with a degree of resignation:
In
order to create a type of politics unrealizable at present, we are trying out in
advance the different methods which might one day bring about the political
situation we have in mind. This is simply a question of suggesting prototypes …
and of taking note of their possibilities or drawbacks. We have never imagined
that we could bring about revolution
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page204from Building Ideas
8 Christopher Alexander et al. – Mexicali
Housing, Mexico, 1976. (Neil Jackson)
The project did in fact go ahead, amidst
much acrimony and confusion, and the buildings achieved a level of
craftsmanship not always attained in Alexander’s work. His smaller scale
projects by contrast often rely on self-build construction, such as the
community housing project built for a small town in Mexico. This project was
described in the book called The Production of Houses(1985), which formed a
real “construction manual” as a counterpart to the earlier design guide.
Throughout all this work the intention was to hand over the “means of
production”, such that the worker might be relieved of the alienation Marx had
described. As yet there has been no larger scale “revolution” due to the lack
of a mass response from the wealthy populations of the Western world.
This
sort of project has also been carried out on various scales in Europe, such as
in the work of the German architect, Frei, Otton, and the
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