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page040from Building IdeasThe Machine of History – From Vico to Hegel and Viollet-le-Duc
The first landmark in the growth of history as a ”scientifi” discipline was, ironically, the work of a thinker opposed to the tradition of Cartesian rationally, the Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico. He published his Principles of a New Science of the Common Nature of Peoples between 1725 and 1730 with the aims of establishing the value of “poetic wisdom” – which will be considered in Chapter 2 – and at the same time determining a pattern for the development of societies. On the basis that human beings, and not nature, had created cultural institutions and they should therefore be in an ideal position to understand them, the suggested a cyclical system ... more ...
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page039from Building Ideas
which was completed in 1680. His most
memorable work was in architectural theory where he questioned the traditional
understanding of number, which had, since Vitruvius in the first century AD,
been treated as God-given and of sacred significance. The dimensions of the
body were seen as the basis for a system of divinely proportional relationship
which, like those in music, would guarantee harmony and ensure that a building
would be “in tune” with universe. This notion of number as the secret to
harmony had been revived during the Renaissance but had never been codified and
the conflicts that had grown up between rival systems inspired Perrault to
resolve the confusion. In his Ordonnance for the Five Kinds of Columns,
published ... more ...
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page038from Building Ideasconsciousness and freedom of the will, the human body when acting purely by instinct could also be viewed in this mechanistic way:
When a man in falling thrusts out his hand … he does that without his reason counseling him so to act, but merely because the sight of the impending fall penetrating to his brain drives the animal spirits into the nerves in the manner necessary for this motion … and as though it were the working of a machine.18
This ”machine” model of the body was extended to the universe which Descartes concluded could be reduced even further. His principle of mechanism proposed that all phenomena could be explained as the motion of ... more ...
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page037from Building Ideasthe Meditations, published in 1637 and 1641, grew out of a similar reforming objective. Though he was, unlike Bacon, more of a “hands-on” researcher, publishing a collection of works on optics, geometry and meteors, it was his writing on philosophical principles that brought him the widest recognition and assured him a place in the history of ideas. The full title of the brief and clear summary of his methods – which he wrote in French instead of Latin as a means to popularize his message – was the “Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences”. Like Bacon, he was intent on providing “instruments” for the mind, to assist in its quest for a clear comprehension of the world, uncompromised by tradition and received conventions. This process involv... more ...
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page036from Building Ideasfor ancient wisdom. He proposed a new beginning which would start from observation and build up from simple axioms towards more abstract principles. He described this way of working, from the particular towards the general, as an “instrument” for the mind, just like a tool works for the hand. He saw quite clearly the relationship between knowledge and power and felt that nature’s mysteries would yield before his methods. He wanted, as he put it in his preface: “… to conquer, not an opponent in argument, but Nature herself in action: to seek, in short, not elegant and probable conjectures, but certain and demonstrable knowledge…”.15
Bacon’s ideas directly inspired what soon became a widespread preoccupation with research i... more ...
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